Interview with Malcolm X: Necessary to Protect Ourselves.

-Malcolm X says that because the government has proven its inability to protect Negroes, it should be left in the hands of the Negroes to protect themselves.

Stride Toward Freedom- Martin Luther King, Jr.

-Oppression- acquiescence
-Some slaves would rather be slaves than be free because it is what they are used to and comfortable with/familiar with.
-"Been down so long that down don't bother me."
- By giving up, the oppressed become as evil as the oppressor.
-To accept being treated badly would say to the oppressor that their being treated that way is okay.
-Oppression-violence/violent protests
-Oppression-non-violent protests-not aimed at the "oppressors" but the oppression.

From The Way to Rainy Mountain- N. Scott Momaday.

This story is about his grandmother, Aho. It talks through the life and struggles the Kiowas had. They were forced out of their land and went on to a journey passing Devil's tower. Her life had always been in the shadow of Rainy Mountain, but soldiers from Fort Sill ruined that. Through her journey with other Kiowas they had many rituals. For example, one was the Sun Dance. People also began to take away that right to by trying to stop their ways. The whites came killed all their buffalo and hung a buffalo bull on the medicine tree. This was such a horrible act it meant that they had to leave from it forever.

The Man to Send Rain Clouds- Leslie Marmon Silko.

The indians beliefs for burials were much different than the ones for whites. In this case it was Catholics that did not agree. In this story Leon and Ken find that the grandfather (Teofilo) had died. They were to bury him properly to what they thought was right. When they went back through town they talked to the priest on the way. They did not, however, tell him that he had died. They knew if they had he would have wanted his burial done his way and wouldn't have later given them holy water. They went through the Indian ritual of wrapping him in the red shroud, painting white across forehead, blue along cheek bones, yellow under nose, and green across his chin. Also, they sprinkled cornmeal on him and tied a gray feather in the old man's hair. This was all part of the process that was needed to have rain clouds sent and he would ultimately get to go to heaven. The last thing they needed was holy water so that Teofilo would have water to "drink" making the process complete. The priest was needed for this and that is when they went to inform him of what happened. They had the process done so they knew things would go the way they needed. The priest was very hesitant at first, but in the end compromised with them and gave the holy water for Teofilo. Now it was thought that rain clouds would be sent for sure.

Battle of Birmingham.

This ballad was written by Dudley Randall. It is about a mother who will not allow her son to protest about rights, but instead sends him off to another place so he will be safe. An explosion occurs and she bears the last smile upon her face just before it happened. She went out to discover nothing left, but the shoe of her son.

The Declaration of Independence.

The Declaration of Independence has four main parts:
* a preamble, or foreword, that announces the reason for the document
* a declaration of people's natural rights and relationship to government
* a long list of complaints against George III, the British king
* a conclusion that formally states America's independence


Helpful definitions:
unalienable: that may not be taken away

despotism: absolute power or control; tyranny

transient: passing away with time

usurpations: acts of wrongfully taking over a right or power that belongs to someone else

conjured: appealed to

consanguinity: blood relationship

acquiesce in the necessity which denounces: recognize that we must demand

parallelism: the use of similar grammatical forms to express ideas of equal importance

insurrections: an act or instance of rising in revolt, rebellion, or resistance against civil authority or an established government

The list of complaints begins with "He..."
1. Why do they repeat it? It brings emphasis to the problem and makes it personal.
2. Why do they make it personal?
It shows how one person has used their power for wrong doings. This example shows the special importance of how change may be needed depending on the situation. The "He" depicts one person, but overall it also shows how that one person could also depict another person to come. This piece shows that we now have the ability to change and do things we did not before if it is called for due to actions similar to these.

3. How does the D.I. anticipate its audiences resistance to change?
It seems to show that whether they want it or not (seeming as if they do) that it is a necessity and could be a necessity for others in time to come. Therefore, change is to be made that will make the people better off in the end. Hence, they should have little resistance due to its good effect.
4. How does the D.I. use parallelism? How does it impact the effectiveness of the piece?
It shows that we give each example importance equally. In that it brings out the importance of the writing. Also, the importance of the specific things showing how extreme the situation is. It has an essence it gives off showing that things can and will be done. It is almost as if the piece is a sign of hope for the country.

parallelism: when a writer uses similar grammatical forms or sentence patterns to express ideas of equal importance.

5.What to you is the most convincing example stated in the D.I.? Why?
"For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury" is the example that is most convincing to me. It is because it shows how extreme it is and that it has to change to get better in the first place.

Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr.

Malcolm X:

Malcolm X was an African-American Muslim minister, public speaker, and human rights activist. He stood up for the rights of African-Americans. He was known as a very great and influential man in the history of blacks.

Martin Luther King Jr.:

Martin Luther King Jr. was a very important man in the history of African-Americans. He was a clergyman, activist and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He led the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955. Then in 1963 he led the March on Washington where he presented his very famous speech called "I Have a Dream".He was later assassinated for standing up for what rights he should have on April 4, 1968.

Coming of Age in Mississippi.

Written by Anne Moody. This excerpt shows just how much a difference a few people can make. She and two others went to a sit in and the whites or most threw things at them. (Did not sit in the "proper" place for blacks). Things like mustard, ketchup, sugar, pies, and more. (Another thing they did was grabbing one by her hair and dragged her across the floor). They stayed to stand up for their beliefs. A whit woman named Joan even joined them after Memphis was kicked repeatedly in the face and then arrested (along with man who did it to him). She was even taken out of the store, but came right back in. She, like them, would not back down. More and more come to join them, but people still do not back down. They would not get over the fact that they were sitting where they were "not" supposed to. It is just crazy that these people would even think to treat them this way. During another rally we see them showing that they will keep standing up for their beliefs and overcome in order to do so.

A Murder, A Mystery, and a Marriage.

John Gray- old farmer
Deer Lick- village with 600-700 inhabitants
John Hurley- Reverend
Mary Gray- daughter of John
Hugh Gregory- Mary's love interest
Sarah/Sally Gray- John's wife
Tom- brother of Mary
$$Dave- brother of John
-Hugh prevented Dave from stealing land and Dave hates Hugh
-Dave won't leave money for Gray's esp. now he wouldn't because he favored Mary and so does Hugh (Thought Dave might leave money for Gray's because of Mary)
-Dave's will says to leave everything to Mary
-John says he won't let Mary marry Hugh because he wants the money
-John storms off and meets a man laying in the snow. He spoke many languages trying to speak to the man (even sign language). Until he found John was English.
George Wayne- stranger
-he has money word has it his father is a lord
-has his eye on Mary
-Gray's mostly John have a wanting or greed for money
Count Hubert Dee Fountingblow- stranger
-John immediately wants them to get together for the money, but Sally is still all "but what about Mary's love for Hugh"
-Stranger says his love for Mary, but she loves Hugh and he says he just has to get over it and give her up. Then Mary is like "oh.. maybe I do like him"
-Hugh comes up to talk to the count/stranger and it causes a fight between him and Dave gray. Dave remarks that he would take Mary out of his will.
-Count confesses his love to Mary and how he just cannot give her up when John bursts into the room informing them that Dave was murdered and Hugh was in jail for it
-evidence- knife under mattress, will, blood on pants, part out of coat
-Tom, Hugh, and Mary are trying to communicate, but John Gray keeps getting in the way
-Mary knows nothing of the trial against Hugh or the outcome (hanging) and Mary is to be wed to Count the same day as the hanging
-The truth is uncovered the Count did it and his side-kick ratted him out. Hugh and Mary's love is restored and John learned his lesson with greed
Jean Mercier- Count/stranger
-Story of how the stranger got into the pasture of John Gray and is was at the fault of a Jules Vern (also writer that cheated Mark Twain out hence why the name is used as getting back at this man)

The Gettysburg Address.

This speech was spoken by Lincoln on November 19, 1863. 28,000 people died in this war. The civil war started over shoes of all things too.

Abe Lincoln was a very wise man and to this day we give him recognition fir things he did. This speech portrays the kind spirit he was. We see he is completely for honoring the ones who battled there. His words gave it with all the more meaning. These people died and did it so we had the chance to advance. Abe though confidently that they did it for each and every one of us so do not let them die in vain. Lincoln gives gratitude to them for what they did. His goals are shown through this too. He inspires them that they need to step back up or else everything that the ones had died for would have been for nothing. They needed to not back away because of the grieving they felt. He gives all a hope for freedom. He stated that those who gave their lives did it under God whom gives not vain in it. Also, with the way of his words he made it pertain to each individual person not just the government. This because the government doe not make the society we make the society.

Human Condition-
Knowing that our families will come home, to not be afraid of walking outside and getting shot, raped, kidnapped, or blown up...

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas.

Style: is not what is said but how it is said
*It can be described as:
Formal or Conversational
Concise or Elaborate
Objective (Matter-of-Fact)
Subjective (Personal and Emotional)
*Elements contributing to style:
word choice
sentence length
tone
figurative language
use of dialogue

"Upon this he rushed at me with the fierceness of a tiger, tore off my clothes, and lashed me till he had worn out his stitches, cutting me so savagely as to leave marks visible for a long time after" (564). Figurative

"You have see how a man was made a slave; you shall see how a slave was made a man" (565). Conversational with the Reader

"I then presented an appearance enough to affect any but a heart of iron. From the crown of my head to my feet, I was covered with blood. My hair was all clotted with dust and blood; my shirt was stiff with blood..." (568). Elaborate

"I succeeded in getting a considerable distance on my way to the woods, when Covey discovered me, and called after me to come back, threatening what he would do if I did not come. I disregarded both his calls and his threats, and made me way to the woods as fast as my feeble state would allow..." (568). Objective

"I resolved to fight; and, suiting my action to the4 resolution, I seized Covey hard by the throat" (568). Personal/Emotional (Actions show Feelings)

Story- The biggest thing about this story was that he stood up against his owner. Making sacrifices was what he was willing to do it. He gained respect from it.

Unit Four Research.

Mark Twain received his name while working as a riverboat pilot. Mark Twain really means "Two Fathoms" or that it was clear for the boat to keep going. His real name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens. We find racism or rather slavery ways to be of great controversy. In that time the through of a black and white equal was absurd. An example would be, in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn we see a boy who leaves his home to be away from his abusive father and runs into a slave with whom he travels down the Mississippi with. This slave becomes his friend and they both treat each other equal. That was so controversial, especially in that time, because of the ways of society and their beliefs on how wrong this was. In many things throughout the book we find irony displayed. One example being when the runaway slave, Jim, calls Huck "white trash". This irony is there to show in different ways how stupidities, follies, abuses, and so on are put up to ridicule and contempt so that it shows the usage of poking fun at others and society in which one lives (paraphrased from http://www.123helpme.com/assets/15702.html). Irony is shown in real life too, not only in stories like the ones of Mark Twain.
A little bit about the background of Mark Twain will show you his reasoning for the way he portrayed slavery. Twain was raised Missouri, a slave state. His father had had few slaves come through their home and his uncle had had twenty slaves. So as we can see he saw slavery first hand just when he was around family. When he was younger he witnessed a murder of a slave by his owner for the reason of "just having done something awkward". This impacted his view on slavery and writings.
^Twain said once in a letter, "I reckon I had better black my face, for in these Eastern states, n***s are considerably better than white people."
^"The skin of every human being contains a slave."
^In "The Lowest Animal," Mark Twain wrote: "Man is the only Slave. And he is the only animal who enslaves. He has always been a slave in one form or another, and has always held other slaves in bondage under him in one way or another. In our day he is always some man's slave for wages, and does that man's work; and this slave has other slaves under him for minor wages, and they do his work. The higher animals are the only ones who exclusively do their own work and provide their own living."
Quotes- work cited- http://classiclit.about.com/od/marktwainfaqs/f/faq_mtwain_slav.htm
His view on slavery is easily portrayed through this and that also with his views in life and ways of writing. A few facts are that he was born on November 30, 1835. He married Olivia Langdon having four children of which one that lived. The one child that lived they named Clara and she had but one child that also died. He published more than thirty books in his career. Also, his most known books of today are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

More Gothic Notes.

*Unity of Effect- single overall feeling
-Poe was very structured in his writing and everything had a purpose and was intentional
-even settings played part
*Poe's particular genius was for exploring the strange and fantastic, conveying, psychological terror through carefully chosen details and events. (Gothic Elements)
*Mood- feeling or atmosphere
Poe's mood building techniques:
^detailed descriptions of settings through use of imagery and figurative language
^precisely chosen words and phrases
^the use of a narrator who both observes and participates in the events recounted

The Fall of the House of Usher.

An old friend sends a letter to the narrator informing him that he is in need of help. Like a good friend should (no matter if they have not seen or heard from each other in so long) he went to visit the his friend. The man was Roderick Usher. The family and house are connected somehow, and since the family is dying or meant to, the house is also going to "die" or come to it's end. Roderick and his sister Madeline are the last Ushers alive. Roderick has a mental disability that causes him to bury his sister alive. He has gone mad. Madeline had a disease that was trance-like. It had to do with paralysis which at times made her seem dead because she would not wake up and her pulse could not be felt. Using this to his advantage Roderick attempted to kill her because it would end her suffering. She wakes up entombed, but escapes driven mad by this she finds Roderick and ends up killing him and herself. The narrator feels as if he is going crazy too when this is occurring around him. He has had enough and runs from the house. While turning back he sees the house collapse and sink into the ground symbolizing the death of the curse.
^retribution from the grave in a way fits with Madeline.

The Signalman.

-Written by Charles Dickens
-Specter- ghost
The signalman seems to be having problems with hauntings or a ghost. The ghost is seemingly trying to warn him of bad happenings, but he cannot stop these bad things. A man is walking by and sees the signal man and soon befriends the man in a way. He is interested in these hauntings or strange happenings that the signalman informs him of. He tells about the how he keeps seeing this ghost right before the train comes leading to terrible events. In the end the signalman hears the ghosts warning again and with his curiosity in trying to stop it he goes down to the tracks. He does not hear the train coming. The train's instructor is yelling for him to to move and the man he befriended is at the top of the hill too. He is yelling for him to "Watch out!". These warnings are mixed, however, with the ghosts and the signalman doesn't even notice. He is hit by the train and dies. After all of this we see that the ghosts warnings were actually the warning of the signalman's own death.

The Raven.

This poem was written by Edgar Allen Poe and is a story over a man grieving the loss of his love when a raven appears saying over and over"nevermore". One important part that makes the story is when the man asks the raven a question he knows the answer to (because the raven always says "never,more"). This sadness is what the man likes and asks this because of that.
-The raven is a bird of prophecy
-They have long been associated with mystery, evil omens, and death.
-End rhyme: similar or identical sounds at the ends of lines
-Internal rhymes: rhymes within a line
-Rhyme scheme: the basic pattern of the end rhymes (A,B,C,B,B...)

The Masque of the Red Death.

Allegory- two layers of meaning, literal and figurative in the story have these meanings (most of the persons, objects and events stand for abstract ideas or qualities)

-Prince Prospero and chosen others secluded themselves in a castellated abbey to keep away from the disease (plague)
*happiness inside - "Red Death" outside
-Prince decided to have a ball with those who were inside
-According to the story the buildings had apartments that were irregularly disposed so that it made the vision embraced but little more than one at a time
-Sharp turns were every 20 or 30 yards, at each a novel effect. To the right and left a Gothic window was in the middle of each wall that looked out to a closed corridor (stained glass)
-Each room had separate color schemes, except for one. It was all black, but had scarlet red colored panes.
-Not one apartment had a lamp and no light emanating the room, but in the corridor there were braziers opposite to each window. The rays projected through the stained glass windows illumining the rooms.
-Something about the black room made some fear entry. There was a gigantic ebony clock in this room also.
-Each time it chimed people stopped almost nervous, but went back to what they were doing after it stopped.
-The duke's (or Prince's) tastes were strange, peculiar, and some thought him mad, but not his followers.
-Masqueraders in this are compared to dreams and a madman's fancies. None venture into the 7th room.
-While the other rooms are filled with excitement or at least until the clock chimes again this time striking 12 strokes and they stop waiting for it to end.
-During this chiming, however, some start to realize a masked figure that had not been seen before. They find surprise and soon terror then horror.
-The prince was angered at his presence. He had out "Heroded" Herod.
-The prince orders his people to seize this stranger, but they do not.
-He runs through the apartments being chased by this stranger and the others do not help.
-A dagger is pulled and the prince is killed.
-Then the people seize him, but only to find nothing under the figures costume.

Thing/Possible Meaning/Possible Lesson
*Prince/ even a prince dies eventually/ position won't save you
*Abbey/ sort of safe haven/ walls can't protect you from everything
*Seven rooms/ all rooms had life, but black/ there are many seasons of life
*Clock/ life is a ticking clock/ days are numbered
*Stranger/ bringer of death/ can't escape death no matter what you do

Danse Macabre- Dance of Death.

-Written by Steven King
-psychology terror
~big bug behind the door theory
~curiosity of whats behind the door
*whats behind the door is never as scary as getting to the door (suspense, anticipation)

The Devil and Tom Walker.

A pirate named Kidd buried a treasure near the swamp long ago. He was hung and therefore never came back to retrieve it. The Devil now watches over it.
-Tom Walker and his wife live in England, but are not vey well off. They are greedy and always try to cheat each other out of money.
-One day Tom cuts through the swamp because it is faster in order to reach his home. When he comes across a fort he decides to sit down for a moment to rest. He begins to start poking around with his staff in the mold or rotten vegetables.
-Then his staff comes across something hard which is found to be an old Indian skull with tomahawk and all.
-While he is looking at it he hears a voice warning him to leave it be.
-The stanger appears, but does not seem to be of any race. Not Indian nor negro, but with black all over the figure.
Devil's appearance- black har, dingy and sooty face, an axe over his shoulder. Also, Red Eyes.
-He began to notice thast the trees in the forest all had names on them which portrayed the lives of people. The devil had control over the lives.
-When he finds out about the treasure he wants it and begins to ponder what he could do to get it.
-The devil leaves a fingerprint on his forehead that will not go away.
-When Tom returns home he tells his wife of this encounter and she wants the treasure for her own. She wants him to sell his soul so they can have it.
-He will not thouugh, but only because he wants to disagree with his wife. She then decides sh will go on her own then.
-She meets with the devil and has to come back with a "propitiatory" offering or all of that she owned that had value. She went again and was never seen again. Many stories weree told on what happned to her, but no one can know for sure.
-It was said that Tom went bcak and found his wife's apron with a heart and liver inside not the valuables as expected.
-Tom thought that the devil had killed her, but she put up a fight since he found some of her hair. (May have been because she was so sassy and greedy). Tom was actually relieved that his wife was gone it was one more thing off his back.
-Tom then decides he will do anything to get the treasure so he does make the promise. He becomes a broker/usurer in Boston and becomes very rich.
-He did things that would impress others like building a big house.
*He begins to start fearing his afterlife when he gets older. This results in him becoming an avid churchgoer and seems to go a little mad.
-A customer that he had driven penniless makes him angry one day when he makes the uge mistake of saying "The devil take me if I have made a far thing!" or that if he had made even a penny. (sarcastic) The devil then appears and takes him away by horse to the swamp. It is said by some that he was taken to the fort and it burst into flames leaving his belongings to ash.

Gothic Literature Notes.

Gothic Literature- characterized by grotesque characters, bizarre situations, and violent events. Originated in Europe. U.S. in the 19th Century. Notable authors were Edgar Allen Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne.

Celebrations of the Self-
Romanticism- Writers saw limitations of reason (reaction to Puritanism), celebrated original spirit, emotions, and the imagination of basic elements of human nature. Splendors of nature inspired the romantics more than the fear of God
-fascination with supernatural
1) limitations of reason
2) individual spirit
3) emotions
4) the splendors of nature
5) imagination
6) fascination with the supernatural (Henry Longfellow and Washington Irving)
Typical Romantic~
7) atmosphere
8) sentiment
9) optimism

Transcendentalism- derived in part form German Romanticism, was based on a belief that "transcendent forms" of truth exist beyond reason and experience. (faith) "belief in something beyond physical"
-every individual is capable of discovering this higher truth on his or her own, through intuition

American Gothic- cavernous Gothic cathedrals with their irregularly placed towers and stained glass windows intended to inspire awe and fear in religious worshipers.
-gargoyles- creatures (statues) crouching on corners and crevices of Gothic cathedrals. Acts as a mascot, they warded off evil spirits from them you will get a good idea of the kind of imaginative distortion of reality that Gothic represents.
- the imagination of writers leads you to the threshold of the unknown-that shadowy region where the fantastic, the demonic, and the insane reside

Dark side of Individualism-
-romantics see hope
-Gothics see potential evil
-dark medieval castles or dark decaying estates provided setting for weird and terrifying events
*Poe- male narrators are insane; female characters are beautiful and dead (or dying)
-extreme situations: not just murder, but live burials, physical and mental torture, and retribution from beyond the grave.
- from Poe only through extreme situations people revealed their true nature
*Hawthorne- examined the human heart under conditions of fear, greed, vanity, mistrust, and betrayal

Gothic Literature

Gothic Literature
Romanticism
Transcendentalism

Include definitions, visuals, and examples of stories, including authors, for each.


Gothic Literature- is a type of literature that combines elements from both romance and horror.This genre is believed to have been invented by Horace Walpole. Melodrama and parody were in Gothic literature were also made by Walpole. Gothic literature origins can be traced to historical, cultural, and artistic examples. In Gothic novels you can find figures such as the demon lover, the devil, and other demons. The writers of this genre wrote very much on along with the time. The impact from social and political was very high in that time. One thing that impacted their writing would be the French Revolution. The Gothic worlds were said to illustrate fear about what might happen, what might go wrong, what could be lost if they stayed on the path of what the government wants. This also reflected the want of to return to fantasy and the belief in supernatural things as in the middle ages. This type of work could be seen through the writings of William Shakespeare in stories like Macbeth and Hamlet.

Romanticism- does not necessarily mean romance although occasionally romance is in this type of art. Romanticism is known as an international and philosophical movement that illustrated again the ways people of the Western cultures thought about themselves and the world. Romanticism began in the 1770's and went on into the second half of the nineteenth century. It came later for American literature than European though. After the type of literature had been found we later find that it was put into art and music. A few Romantic writers were Robert Burns and William Blake of England who wrote poetry, Goethe and Schiller had writings in Germany, and Rousseau's writing through out Europe had a big impact for this type of writing. The Romantic period would also be known as the "age of revolutions". This meaning the time was when the American and French Revolutions occurred. (One book written in that time was a Tale of Two Cities about the French Revolution written by Charles Dickens). It was said that a revolutionary energy was found in Romanticism. It transformed not only the ways of writing, but also the way people saw the world.

Transcendentalism- is an American literary, political, and philosphical movement in the early nineteenth century based around Ralph Waldo Emerson. Other Trascendentalists were Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller, Amos Bronson Alcott, Frederic Henry Hedge, and Theodore Parke. In an essay written called An Essay on Transcendalism by Charles Mayo Ellis he said, "Transcendentalism... maintains that man has ideas, that come not through the five senses, or the powers of reasoning, but are either the result of direct revelation from God, his immediate inspiration, or his immanent presence in the spiritual world, and it asserts that man has something besides the body of flesh, a spiritual body, with senses to perceive what is true, and right and beautiful, and a natural love for these, as the body for its food." They had no doctrine, but Emerson would not accept the term of Christian when speaking of God. He wanted the term "thiest" which they thought applied more to their beliefs.

Act 4.

Since Tituba and Sarah Good confessed to witchcraft saying the Devil made them do it. They were in jail together now and decided that they would leave together and go back to Tituba's home in Barbados. They realize that there are cows all over the place because there were so many people in jail for witchcraft that there animals were getting loose. Then they find that Hale has now started going to the jail and talking to the prisoners to get them to confess. He wanted them to be saved. He even wanted John to confess for his children's ensured safety. Then they find out that Abigail and Mercy have run away. They stole money from Parris and left knowing that it was nearing the end. They knew they would find out soon that they were faking. Later Parris opened the door to his house to find a dagger fall to the ground. Someone seems to be after him and he fears to go outside his house now.Proctor now has also been put in jail along with many others as we have found. They are planning to hang Proctor and anyone else that will not confess. Like Rebecca, she will not confess because she doesn't want to have that on her name. Proctor wanted the the same. He did not want to confess, but then thought about his children and how they needed him. He ended up confessing and signing the paper to confirm it. When he finished signing the paper he realized what he had don and would not give it to the judges. He said why should they need it in writing. He ended up ripping the paper apart so that he would not have that on his name. As you see everything in Salem is falling apart. With John, he ended up being hung for not confessing on paper.

Act 3.

Act 3 consists mainly of court sessions being held against the accused. Judge Hathorne is seen questioning Martha Corey (Giles' wife). She, however, will not confess. She did not do such things as witchcraft and doesn't want it on her name when she dies. Giles is angered by the ruling of the court and questions being pressed on his wife so he lashes out somewhat in anger telling how the girls were frauds. They could not think that such young girls were anything, but innocent though. Giles says that Judge Danforth is against them and means to hang them all. At that Mary burst into tears. John tells her that she must not weep, but be strong. John next stands up to tell the court what Mary has to say. He tells them that Mary told him she lied in her previous testimony. She never saw the Devil and the girls were faking it. So Danforth decides to question Mary to get to the bottom of it. He asks her if she was put up to it by John or if he had threatened her and her answer was no. He says that Mary must have lied right there in court to him. She said that was true. Then he questions her with if she knows lying is a sin and that she will go to jail if it is true. She said yes it was the truth. Then the group of girls (Abigail's group) come into the court room. Danforth questions them too. He asks if there was truth in what Mary said. Abigail says no. He tells of accusation against Abigail with the poppet and Abigail says it was a lie. this goes back and forth and we find that Mary is growing more and more tense. She says that she was so caught up in the lies that she made herself believe these things like seeing the Devil were actually happening. This makes Danforth ask Abigail if these things are just illusions, but her answer was no and she explained all her occurrences with these evil spirited things. Abigail then pretends that there is a cold air that's come about. Then each girl begins to play along with it. They say "I freeze" and act as if they are being forced by the Devil. Then the girls start blaming Mary. Mary screams trying to run, but Proctor catches her and she keeps saying "I cannot, I cannot". At that John calls Abigail a whore, but Abigail gets the side of the court again. John says how Abigail hated Elizabeth because she wanted him. He told of how they had an affair and they decide to bring Elizabeth out to question because John says she would not lie. When they brought her out though, she lied to the court. She said her husband had no part in lechery after he had already confessed. That, in the end, is what ruined John. They took Elizabeth away with John trying to plead with the court saying she only wanted to save him. Hale believed him with that and began to side with him. That brought Abigail into it again. She pretended she was having visions. She saw a bird in the rafters and the other girls played along too. All but the girls do not "see" it. Mary becomes overwhelmed with this and pressured into this so she will not be punished. Mary joined in with them turning against Proctor saying he was the Devil's man. Also, saying John signed the Devil's book, threatened to kill her, and he made her sign too. Proctor could not understand this. Danforth turned completely against him saying he was some sort of anti-Christ and asked if he confessed to this. John said God is dead and that he can see Lucifer. He says his face and Danforth's are seen. This brings fury to Danforth. He yells to Marshal and tells him to take John and Giles to jail.

Act 2.

At the beginning of Act 2 we are introduced to Elizabeth Proctor. The first impression is not exactly seen as a positive one though. We find ourselves wrapped up in an argument between John and Elizabeth. It starts with John's anger over Elizabeth allowing Mary to go to the town for court because she was a member. (She was in with the group of girls that were in court accusing different people from Salem of witchcraft).This turned into Elizabeth not letting go of things of the past. John and Elizabeth get into it about John's affair. He was with Abigail when she worked as his servant and when Elizabeth found out she was furious and kicked her out. This is still haunting her even though it seems to me as if John knows that Elizabeth is the only one he wants. John is tired of Elizabeth bringing it up because he has learned his lesson. He feels horrible about the past and wants nothing more of it. Later when Mary returns from the courts we find that she has made a poppet for Elizabeth. Mary gave this to her as a gift with no bad intentions, but it seems to be turned on her later on. Mary also informs them that Elizabeth was mentioned in the courts that day for doing witchcraft. (As we look back we see that it must be Abigail at fault. She was the one who wants Elizabeth dead.) Hale shows up some time later. Hale tells them that some more people have been charged with witchcraft one being Rebecca Nurse. They are stunned at this and Hale goes on questioning them as if they may be involved in witchcraft too. He asks John why they haven't gone to church lately and why their third son has yet to be baptized. John tells him his dislike towards Parris, but hale presses on. He asks Elizabeth if she knew her ten commandments. Her reply was yes, "...I'm a covenanted Christian woman" (198). He next ask John if is and if so could he tell him the ten commandments. John's answer was yes also, and he started naming off each commandment. He got up to nine, but forgot the last one. Elizabeth cut in and said adultery was the one he forgot. They went on with conversation and Elizabeth asked Hale if he was suspecting her. His reply was he did not judge her, but he was to find wisdom for the court. When Hale went to leave Elizabeth told John she wanted him to tell Hale about Abigail. They tell Hale how they believe somewhat that Abigail is making these things up and that he should question her. This is when Giles rushes in telling them that they have taken his wife. His wife is accused of witchcraft now and Francis Nurse came in to tell his wife, Rebecca, has been accused too. A wagon has come around to pick them up and take the accused away and it soon showed up to the Proctor house too. Mr.Cheever came with the wagon and told them that Elizabeth has been accused by Abigail. John is furious what this. He asks what proof they have on her. Cheever speaks of the poppet Mary had given to Elizabeth. When they got the poppet out they found a needle stuck in it. This would have meant nothing, but Abigail ran into Parris' house that night falling to the floor stabbed in the same spot as the poppet. She said it was because of Elizabeth, she was at fault. That gave them the proof to take her away on the wagon with the rest of the accused. John yelled at Mary to tell the courts it was a poppet she and given her and explain herself. Explain that she was in court when she made it and Abigail knew of it because she was next to her during it. This would take blame off of Elizabeth and show them that Abigail has been doing these things, but Mary says she cannot do that.

Act 1.

The Crucible is a story that takes place in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. It is based on the Salem witch trials where many were accused of witchcraft. Witchcraft was a huge sin then due to their great belief in religion. A group of girls in Salem were accused of witchcraft after seen dancing and chanting in the woods. The girls were Abigail Williams, Betty Parris, Mary Warren, Tituba, Mercy Lewis and others. A few things that you see some girls have (that others believed to be results of witchcraft) are convulsions, loss of appetite, cannot wake up, temporary loss of sight and hearing. All of these could easily be faked tricking the towns people into believing it was from the devil upon their souls (and witchcraft). In the beginning of the story you see that Betty Parris may be having these problems. She is in bed very sick leaving many to believe it was witchcraft. Reverend Parris, her father, believes there is no way it would be that. He calls for Reverend Hale, another minister who knows more about witchcraft, to come see his daughter. Abigail Williams, his niece, has been living with the family during all of this and is thought (by Parris) to be of some cause to this witchcraft. She had formerly lived with John and Goody Proctor though. She was kicked out after Goody Proctor became aware of the affair she had been having with her husband. Her husband had been seduced, and even though he had done those things he regretted it, and he wanted only to be faithful to his wife. Not only had Abigail been in the woods doing the so called witchcraft, but also, Tituba the Reverend Parris' slave. Now, they both along with rest of the girls at this time denied having done anything of the sort. They said it was just dancing and singing Tituba's songs from Barbados. We also find out about another girl who has suddenly become sick which is believed to be witchcraft also. This girl is Ruth Putnam. Her parents, Thomas and Ann Putnam, visit Reverend Parris on telling him of their daughters "illness". (Ann Putnam had 8 children, but only one survived and that is Ruth). Both believe it is witchcraft that has brought the sickness on. (Ruth was on of the girls who was dancing in the woods). Abigail also, blames Ruth and Tituba for conjuring spirits in the woods when Parris kept asking. She still says she had nothing to do with it. Parris soon finds himself worried about if this talk of witchcraft in his home would get out to the town and in the end risk his job as a minister. Mary talks to Abigail and Mercy (with Betty in room sick laying on the bed) when Parris is not around. She says of how she wants to tell about what happened in the woods. She said she just watched so nothing would ever happen to her. This made Abigail furious, she says that she had just as much a part in it as the others. They are suddenly started in the midst of their conversation by Betty. All of a sudden Betty gets up darting from Abigail saying she wants her mom. Abigail says, but your mother is dead. With that, Betty says of how she can fly to her then. Abigail warns her that she told Parris of everything they did in the woods. At that Betty became angered and started yelling "You drank blood, Abby! You didn't tell him that!... You drank a charm to kill John Proctor's wife!" (175). Abigail became angered now too. She smashed Betty across the face. Betty yells for her mother and begins to sob. Abigail then warns the other girls of what will happen if they leak a word. She informs us that Tituba conjured the spirit of Ruth's dead sister. Mary wants this to stop, but finds that Abigail has the upper hand and she dare not do a thing to stop her. We find out all of these little incidents occurring throughout the story. Two others would be when John Proctor comes to visit. Abigail and him find that they are in the room alone with Betty on the bed sick. Abigail curses him for loving her and denying it. John had a time with he, but tells Abigail it is over now and he wants nothing, but his wife. During their talk we hear a psalm being sung. It states "going up to Jesus" and at that Betty clasps her hands over her ears and begins to scream. Parris, Mrs. Putnam, and others run in at the sound. Mrs. Putnam says that it is because her soul is the devil's and she cannot bear to hear the Lord's name. Another incident would be when before Ruth became sick she had an outburst. During her outburst/fit she said pointed to Rebecca Nurse seeming it be that she was her attacker. She soon accused Rebecca's spirit of tempting her with witchcraft. These are just a few incidents that have occurred in Act 1.

Characters according to SparkNotes.com

John Proctor - A local farmer who lives just outside town; Elizabeth Proctor’s husband. A stern, harsh-tongued man, John hates hypocrisy. Nevertheless, he has a hidden sin—his affair with Abigail Williams—that proves his downfall. When the hysteria begins, he hesitates to expose Abigail as a fraud because he worries that his secret will be revealed and his good name ruined.

Abigail Williams - Reverend Parris’s niece. Abigail was once the servant for the Proctor household, but Elizabeth Proctor fired her after she discovered that Abigail was having an affair with her husband, John Proctor. Abigail is smart, wily, a good liar, and vindictive when crossed.

Reverend John Hale - A young minister reputed to be an expert on witchcraft. Reverend Hale is called in to Salem to examine Parris’s daughter Betty. Hale is a committed Christian and hater of witchcraft. His critical mind and intelligence save him from falling into blind fervor. His arrival sets the hysteria in motion, although he later regrets his actions and attempts to save the lives of those accused.

Elizabeth Proctor - John Proctor’s wife. Elizabeth fired Abigail when she discovered that her husband was having an affair with Abigail. Elizabeth is supremely virtuous, but often cold.

Reverend Parris - The minister of Salem’s church. Reverend Parris is a paranoid, power-hungry, yet oddly self-pitying figure. Many of the townsfolk, especially John Proctor, dislike him, and Parris is very concerned with building his position in the community.

Rebecca Nurse - Francis Nurse’s wife. Rebecca is a wise, sensible, and upright woman, held in tremendous regard by most of the Salem community. However, she falls victim to the hysteria when the Putnams accuse her of witchcraft and she refuses to confess.

Francis Nurse - A wealthy, influential man in Salem. Nurse is well respected by most people in Salem, but is an enemy of Thomas Putnam and his wife.

Judge Danforth - The deputy governor of Massachusetts and the presiding judge at the witch trials. Danforth is convinced that he is doing right in rooting out witchcraft.

Giles Corey - An elderly but feisty farmer in Salem, famous for his tendency to file lawsuits. His wife, Martha, is accused of witchcraft, and later he himself is eventually held in contempt of court and pressed to death with large stones.

Thomas Putnam - A wealthy, influential citizen of Salem, Putnam holds a grudge against Francis Nurse for preventing Putnam’s brother-in-law from being elected to the office of minister. He uses the witch trials to increase his own wealth by accusing people of witchcraft and then buying up their land.

Ann Putnam - Thomas Putnam’s wife. Ann Putnam has given birth to eight children, but only Ruth Putnam survived. The other seven died before they were a day old, and Ann is convinced that they were murdered by supernatural means.

Ruth Putnam - The Putnams’ last surviving child out of eight. Like Betty Parris, Ruth falls into a strange stupor after Reverend Parris catches her and the other girls dancing in the woods at night.

Tituba - Reverend Parris’s black slave from Barbados. Tituba agrees to perform voodoo at Abigail’s request.

Mary Warren - Thomas Putnam's servant and a member of Abigail’s group of girls. She is a timid girl, easily influenced by those around her, who tried unsuccessfully to expose the hoax and ultimately recanted her confession.

Betty Parris - Reverend Parris’s ten-year-old daughter. Betty falls into a strange stupor after Parris catches her and the other girls dancing in the forest with Tituba. Her illness and that of Ruth Putnam fuel the first rumors of witchcraft.

Martha Corey - Giles Corey’s third wife. Her reading habits lead to her arrest and conviction for witchcraft.

Ezekiel Cheever - A man from Salem who acts as clerk of the court during the witch trials. He is upright and determined to do his duty for justice.

Judge Hathorne - A judge who presides, along with Danforth, over the witch trials.

Herrick - The marshal.

Mercy Lewis - One of the girls in Abigail’s group. She was caught running around naked by Parris during their acts of witchcraft.

The Crucible: a place or occasion of severe test or trial

Elements of Plot and Drama

• Exposition- the part of a play or work of fiction in which the background to the main conflict is introduced
  
• Rising action- building of suspense up to the climax
  
• Climax- the turning point of action brought about about with great intensity, the plot of the story, also where things begin to resolve
  
• Falling action- shows effect from the climax
  
• Resolution- problems are resolved and story ends
  

*Foil- minor character whose traits contrast sharply with those of the main character (character that contrasts the main character)

*Monologue- long speech spoken by a single character to himself or herself, or to the audience

*Soliloquy- (thinking out loud) a monologue in which a character speaks his or her private thoughts aloud and appears to be unaware of the audience

*Aside- a short speech or comment that is delivered by a character to the audience, but that is beyond the hearing of other characters who are present

*Spectral Evidence- the testimony of a church member who claimed to have seen a person's spirit performing witchcraft- was enough to sentence the accused to death

Salem Witchcraft Trials and Puritans.

Puritans were unhappy with the ways of the Church of England. They basically went away from it so they could practice their own beliefs and ways. They were led by John Calvin and known as Clavinists. They did, however, believe that the bible was "God's true law".

(The picture shown on the left is of John Calvin). Google images: http://www.wabashunion.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/john-calvin.jpg

They were a very religious group of people as shown in the picture as they are in prayer. Google Images: http://endtimepilgrim.org/puritans.jpg

In Salem, Massachusetts in 1962 the Salem Witchcraft Trials were held. Back then if those who believed in witchcraft were to be hung. Also, I do believe that any one who is accused is to be "killed". They would tie the accused up and go out on a boat. There they would throw them over. If the accused came back up they were a witch, and if not, they were dead. If they were to be a witch then they would be hung anyway. So either way if one was to be accused that would be the end for them. Google images: http://i.ehow.com/images/GlobalPhoto/Articles/4571041/66434-main_Full.jpgThe trials were actually a series of trials to find out if the accused were rightfully accused. Those who were accused were puritans and one Indian slave. Over 150 were arrested and put in prison. And with that also, 29 more were convicted of witchcraft. 19 of those 29 were hung. Another person who was involved in these trials was Giles Corey. He was crushed to death with stones laid on his chest. Stones were laid on his chest for two days until he finally died. One really significant fact would be that any man, woman, or child could accuse any one of witchcraft (this would in the end obviously lead to their death). This could have resulted in many murders without that accuser having killed him by his own hand even.Google Images: http://www.moonbattery.com/salem-witch-hanging.jpg
http://www.salemweb.com/guide/images/cemetery.jpg
http://ushistoryimages.com/images/salem-witch-trials/fullsize/salem-witch-trials-5.jpg

Heritage

My great great grandfather, Thomas Lanigan, came over from County Cork, Ireland. Also, my great grandmother's, Jean Hill's (maiden name), father (name: George Hill) came over from England when he was eight years old with his two brothers and parents. He came over on the USS Denmark. My great grandma Kathleen Lanigan (maiden name: Thoma) family came over from Luxembourg. Another thing I have found would be that my great great grandmother was polish.

Google images- search Ellis Island: http://www.archives.gov/press/press-kits/picturing-the-century-photos/images/immigrant-children-ellis-island.jpg

All stories so far...

The history of the Indians is definitely one of many struggles. Especially struggles with their ways of religion. In the first story we read called "The Man to Send Rain Clouds" by Leslie Marmon Silko we learned of one kind of Indians known as the Pueblos. They are portrayed as very religious in their own way. Their way for funeral rituals is an example of their beliefs. When Teofilo died Leon and and Ken found him and put white paint across his forehead, blue across cheek bones, yellow under nose, and green across his chin. Also, they threw pinches of cornmeal on his body. The last thing they wanted was for the priest to drop holy water on him so he was assured plenty to drink. This would also make sure that rain would come which was a necessity in their culture. When Leon went to ask the priest to drop holy water on his grandfather the priest was very hesitant. It was against his religion to do this, but he compromised with Leon because they both wanted his soul to be at rest. (The picture above shows a Pueblo Indian tribes home.)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QO2g9tgWjbU&eurl=http%3A%2F%2Fvideo.google.com%2Fvideosearch%3Fhl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla%3Aen-US%3Aofficial%26um%3D1%26q%3Dreligion%2520%2520pilgrims%26ie%3DUTF-8&feature=player_embedded#t=17
(Pueblo Indians doing their cultural Eagle Dance)

In the second story we read called "The Way to Rainy Mountain" by N. Scott Momaday we were introduced to another tribe of Indians called the Kiowas. Momaday writes this story through telling of his grandmothers involvement with the Kiowas and previous history of the Kiowas. A big part in the Indians history was also the never ending attempts at converting them. They believed that the beliefs of Indians were wrong and they were to stop them from their beliefs. The Kiowas were driven to staked plains due to the nonstop advancement of U.S. cavalry. They had their own religion and for the Kiowas they believed in the Sun Dance which was known to them as the divinity of the sun. Momaday's grandmother was at the last Sun Dance ritual. During this ritual soldiers from Fort Sill came to disperse them. They not only did this, but they also slaughtered their herds and left them to rot. The Kiowas left forever and never returned to their medicine tree because of this. (The picture above shows the place where the Kiowas held their Sun Dance ritual.)

http://www.strimoo.com/video/16318636/kiowa-celebration-dance-par-31de88ie30-MySpaceVideos.html
(Kiowa Celebration Dance)


In the third story we read called "Pilgrim Plantation" we learned about the pilgrims. They had to leave their home so that they were able to express their own views on religion. They thought the ways of the church of England were not completely right so they chose to create their own. They were considered a separatist group which was illegal. So they decided to leave England. They ended up in America landing some time later on Plymouth Rock. There they went through struggles like all do, but they received seeds and other things from Indians they met that kept them alive through the harsh winter. Although almost half died even more would have without those things from the Indians. Sometime later they befriended the Indians and met Squanto who taught them how to plant more crops and other things. They also later held the first Thanksgiving amongst one another. (In the picture in the top right it shows the first landing of the pilgrims and shows there religion through the man kneeling looking up at the sky. Top left shows pilgrims and Indians befriending one another. Below the first Thanksgiving is shown.) As you can see each one of these stories shows some struggles that the characters have come across when it comes to having their own religion. They were all forced to give one thing or another up due to their own beliefs. They also, all have their own ways of showing their religion. For example, the pueblos with their funeral ritual, the Kiowas with their Sun Dance, and the pilgrims with their separation from the church of England (along with separation of beliefs from the church).

The Way to Rainy Mountain- Geographical details about the landscape.

Author: N. Scott Momaday

Geographical:
"Yellowstone, it seemed to me, was the top of the world, a region of deep lakes and dark timber, canyons and waterfalls. But, beautiful as it is, one might have the sense of confinement there. The skyline in all directions is close at hand, the high wall of the woods and deep cleavages of shade" (page 58).

"Descending eastward, the highland meadows are a stairway to the plain. In July the inland slope of the Rockies is luxuriant with flax and buckwheat, stonecrop and larkspur. The earth unfolds and the limit of the land recedes" (page 58).

Historical:
"When they entered upon the southern Plains they had been transformed. No longer were they slaves to the simple necessity of survival; they were a lordly and dangerous society of fighters and thieves, hunters, and priests of the sun" (57).

"Before the dance could begin, a company of soldiers rode out from Fort Sill under orders to disperse the tribe, Forbidden without cause the essential act of their faith, having seen the wild herds slaughtered and left to rot upon the ground, the Kiowas backed away forever from the medicine tree" (59).

Personal:
"Her name was Aho, and she belonged to the last culture to evolve in North America. Her forebears came down from the high country in western Montana nearly three centuries ago. They were a mountain people, a mysterious tribe of hunters whose language has never been positively classified in any major group" (57).

"Her long, black hair, always drawn and braided in the day, lay upon her shoulders and against her breast like a shawl. I do not speak Kiowa, and I never understood her prayers, but there was something inherently sad in the sound, some merest hesitation upon the syllables of sorrow" (61).

Pueblo Rebellion

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwOJaadekCC4yyKnvUymE58mMJfZ5QlnRYDSS7z6ZRwhe_Gkh13cD9BPHIa6BgFHMF_U6TWUaTDYf7EFWBzXAMT_GjOMe_xIafNI-G-Pj7dEATyQAKF270T_b-xHTyOGxz-7BjfmyYhJEA/s400/Cg-98-3.jpg

This image shows the Pueblo Rebellion. Indians and the English have had controversies as shown in this picture. This could be because of the constant press of Catholicism.

Silko.

http://www.learner.org/workshops/isonovel/images/silko.jpg

This is a picture of Leslie Marmon Silko. She is the author of "The Man to Send Rain Clouds," and she has a good Native American background behind her for writing stories like this.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3m9ZYuWe-JM&feature=player_embedded

This page shows a video of Indian children dancing. This dance portrays a lot about their culture and the culture of Native Americans in general.

Jordin!

:)